Chapter 3- The Molecules of Cells

Q: How are monosaccharides formed?
A: Monosaccharides are formed when some multiple of CH2O join together to form a carbohydrate.
Q: What is so bad about anabolic steroids?
A: Anabolic steroids are bad because they are a synthetic hormone of testosterone. When anabolic steroids are used by an individual on a regular basis it can stop the natural release of male hormones in the body. Effect of using this drug range from high blood pressure, liver damage to reduced sex drive and infertility.
Q: How strong are peptide bonds?
A: Peptide bonds are covalent chemical bonds between a carboxyl ground and amino group. This are very strong bonds since they are covalent.

Five main facts
1) Proteins can be found in all structures of life and are necessary to the functions of life.
2) There are four structures of protein, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
3) Lactose tolerance is only a new event in human history. In the last 9,000 years since cattle has been domesticated anyone with the lactose tolerant gene was favored and hence survived better then those who didn't have it.
4) There are six functional groups, hydroxyls, carbonyls, carboxyls, aminos, phosphates, and methyl groups.
5) Organic compounds must have carbon present in the structure.

This diagram shows one way of depicting the structure of a molecule. This specific depiction of a molecule is called a ball-and-stick model. The four white balls are hydrogen and the center black ball is a carbon atom.

Chapter 3 was an overview of what cells are made up of in terms of molecules. All living organisms and other organic compounds contain carbon. This is what constitutes an organic compound. The structures of compounds were discussed and how they affect different functional groups in terms of being either a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide. There are many different structures, molecules, atoms, groups that are present in a cell. They are all necessary for a cells function.

Key Terms:
1) Organic compound: any compound containing carbon
2) Carbon skeleton: chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
3) Functional group: first five chemical groups
4) Macromolecules: molecules that are large in comparison to the majority of other molecules
5) Monomers: building blocks of polymers
6) Hydrolysis: the breaking of bonds by using water and adding it to the monomer
7) Saturated: fats with the maximum number of hydrogens
8) Protein: a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
9) Denaturation: polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape as well as their function
10) Primary structure: structure of a protein with a unique sequence of amino acids

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYNwuLL_pOE